By Scott Chipolina, Robert Stevens and Stephen Graves
7 min read
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Crypto futures are a type of derivatives contract that enable investors to bet on the future price of a crypto asset such as Bitcoin (BTC) or Ethereum (ETH).
Using futures contracts, investors attempt to take advantage of the high volatility of most cryptocurrencies. Let's use Bitcoin as an example of how they work.
Spot trading—the practice of buying and selling Bitcoin—forces traders to exchange cryptocurrencies at their current prices.
But what if there was a way to lock in Bitcoin’s at a current price of, say, $60,000, picking up the Bitcoin a couple of months later? So that even if Bitcoin’s price hit $100,000, the counterparty would have to deliver the Bitcoin purchase with $60,000.
There is! It’s called a futures contract. A futures contract is an agreement between two traders that obligates a trader to buy or sell an asset at a specific time, quantity and price.
For example, you might enter an agreement in mid-May to buy one Bitcoin for $60,000 for August 30. You could also be on the other side of the deal, agreeing to sell a Bitcoin for a fixed price. If you’re a buyer, you want the trading price of Bitcoin to go up, as you will be able to buy the cryptocurrency at below market value. If you’re a seller, you want the opposite, profiting if Bitcoin were to decrease in price.
"Futures are an important part of the evolution of asset classes," Nick Cowan, CEO of GSX Group, told Decrypt. "They provide a benchmark—a Fair Value, or FV—of what the future value is, allowing arbitrage and liquidity to enter the market."
One reason why you might trade Bitcoin futures as opposed to just, say, buying lots of Bitcoin worth $60,000 at the time, is that you don’t have to hold them yourself. (Our Japanese samurai analogy is helpful here—the samurai traded futures contracts so they wouldn’t have to store the rice themselves).
Some crypto exchanges have lower trading fees for futures contracts, which means that traders can squeeze a bit more out of their accounts by using futures.
“BTC futures are a great way to bring in additional liquidity to the market and also provide great crypto arbitrage opportunities,” Cowan told Decrypt. That’s because futures contracts are generally not held until their expiration date. Instead, they are traded like other assets. As the trading value of Bitcoin varies, so too will the value of different Bitcoin futures contracts.
When entering a futures contract, there are three ways a trader can exit their position: offsetting, rollovers and expiry. Offsetting is the most common, and occurs when a trader creates another futures contract with an equal value and size, making their effective obligations zero as they balance out.
Rolling over is done by offsetting a position, but with an expiry date that is further into the future. Expiry is what you’d expect: it’s when a contract reaches its end date and the parties who hold the contract buy or sell at the agreed price.
Another trading method for futures is hedging. Hedging is a way to reduce risk, which is useful for traders dealing with the volatility of cryptocurrencies.
Consider a trader who just bought three Bitcoin at a $60,000 each:
Hedging reduces a trader’s overall risk, although it does also limit their potential profits.
First things first: Bitcoin futures are—by their very definition—speculative investments. In its decade-plus year history, Bitcoin has proven that the only constant is price volatility, and while it might be on a bull run when a trader takes a long position, there’s no telling what tomorrow might bring for the cryptocurrency. If you speculate at the wrong time, you could be left stranded with a future asset that just isn’t worth it.
There’s also something to be said for being an experienced investor. To successfully utilize futures, an investor needs to understand market behavior, have enough knowledge to pay attention to reasonable market predictions, and enough sense to discard unfounded claims.
Ultimately, Bitcoin futures are speculative, but it is possible to leverage good information on a best effort basis. Doing that, however, is not exactly easy, so one might argue that Bitcoin futures are not very accessible for the average person.
The inverse of this is that Bitcoin futures are a great way of getting ahead of a positive market price. If an investor times it right, there could—at least hypothetically—be serious profits to be made by leveraging the Bitcoin futures market.
Bitcoin futures also—counterintuitively—don't involve holding any Bitcoin whatsoever. Instead, it simply involves trading Bitcoin at a future, pre-agreed upon date, whatever the price at that time may be. Understanding the market might not be the most accessible task, but you don’t need an ounce of technology to get involved—not even a Bitcoin wallet.
Bitcoin futures are settled with cash. Because no active Bitcoin trading takes place in a futures market, agreements are satisfied by trading at future, pre-agreed prices. Another oft-cited advantage of the Bitcoin futures market is that the possibility of settling in cash means that no complex software or technological expertise is really necessary in order to get involved in this arena.
One aspect of Bitcoin futures is margin trading, which essentially means that an investor only requires a percentage of a contract’s total in order to participate.
Leveraging 10-20% of a Bitcoin future means that an investment has both a high potential for profit, but also for a loss.
The world of Bitcoin futures isn’t all fun and games. Taking on a contract is a serious obligation, and if it reaches its expiry date, the trader has a legal obligation to fulfill it.
Futures could lose you a lot of money, as you could be forced to buy Bitcoin way above its current trading price. Cryptocurrencies are one of the most volatile asset classes; as with all cryptocurrencies, trading Bitcoin is very risky.
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